I raro i ētahi āhuatanga mārama, ina tirohia te karāhe whakamaroke mai i tētahi tawhiti me tētahi koki, ka kitea ētahi ira tae kāore i te horapa tika i runga i te mata o te karāhe whakamaroke. Ko tēnei momo ira tae te mea e kiia nei e tātou ko ngā "ira ahotea". Kāore e pā ki te pānga whakaata o te karāhe (kāore he whakapōturi whakaata), kāore hoki e pā ki te pānga tuku o te karāhe (kāore e pā ki te taumira, kāore hoki e whakaputa whakapōturi whatu). He āhuatanga whatu tēnei kei roto i ngā karāhe whakamaroke katoa. Ehara i te mea he raruraru kounga, he hapa kounga rānei o te karāhe whakamaroke, engari kei te whakamahia whānuitia hei karāhe haumaru, ā, he nui ake ngā whakaritenga a te tangata mō te āhua o te karāhe, inā koa he wāhi nui. Ko te noho mai o ngā ira ahotea i roto i te karāhe whakapakeke i te wā e pania ana te pakitara ārai ka pā kino ki te āhua o te karāhe, ā, ka pā ki te āhua ataahua whānui o te whare, nō reira kei te aro nui te tangata ki ngā ira ahotea.
Ngā take o ngā wāhi ahotea
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā rauemi mārama katoa ki ngā rauemi isotropic me ngā rauemi anisotropic. Ina haere te mārama mā roto i tētahi rauemi isotropic, he rite tonu te tere o te mārama i ngā taha katoa, ā, kāore te mārama e tukuna ana e rerekē mai i te mārama e pā mai ana. He rauemi isotropic te karāhe kua whakamahanatia pai. Ina haere te mārama mā roto i tētahi rauemi anisotropic, ka wehea te mārama e pā mai ana kia rua ngā hihi he rerekē te tere me te tawhiti. Ka rerekē te mārama e tukuna ana me te mārama e pā mai ana. Ko te karāhe kāore i whakamahanatia pai, tae atu ki te karāhe kua whakamahanatia, he rauemi anisotropic. Hei rauemi anisotropic o te karāhe kua whakamahanatia, ka taea te whakamārama i te āhuatanga o ngā ira ahotea mā te mātāpono o te photoelasticity: ina haere te hihi o te mārama kua whakapōreareatia mā roto i te karāhe kua whakamahanatia, nā te mea he ahotea tuturu (ahotea kua whakamahanatia) kei roto i te karāhe, ka pakaru tēnei hihi o te mārama kia rua. He mārama kua whakapōreareatia me ngā tere horapa hihi rerekē, arā, he mārama tere me te mārama puhoi, e kiia ana hoki ko te birefringence.
Ina tūtaki ngā hihi mārama e rua i hangaia i tētahi pūwāhi ki te hihi mārama i hangaia i tētahi atu pūwāhi, ka puta he rerekētanga āhua i te pūwāhi whakawhiti o ngā hihi mārama nā te rerekētanga o te tere horapa o te mārama. I tēnei wā, ka whakararuraru ngā hihi mārama e rua. Ina ōrite te ahunga o te kaha, ka kaha ake te kaha o te mārama, ka puta he tirohanga mārama, arā, he ira kanapa; ina he rerekē te ahunga o te kaha o te mārama, ka ngoikore te kaha o te mārama, ka puta he tirohanga pōuri, arā, he ira pōuri. I te mea he kore taurite te tohatoha ahotea i te ahunga papa o te karāhe kua whakapakeketia, ka puta he ira ahotea.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakaata o te mata o te karāhe ka puta he pānga pōraritanga o te mārama whakaata me te tuku. Ko te mārama e tomo ana ki te karāhe he mārama tonu me te pānga pōraritanga, koia te take ka kite koe i ngā rārangi mārama me ngā rārangi pōuri, ngā ira rānei.
Tauwehenga whakamahana
He rerekē te wera o te karāhe i te taha papatahi i mua i te tineitanga. I muri i te tineitanga me te whakamataotanga o te karāhe kāore i te wera ōrite, ka iti ake te ahotea pēhi i te wāhi he pāmahana teitei, ā, ka nui ake te ahotea pēhi i te wāhi he pāmahana iti. Ka kore e ōrite te wera ka puta te ahotea pēhi i te mata o te karāhe.
Tauwehenga whakamatao
Ko te tukanga whakamatao o te karāhe he whakamatao tere i muri i te whakamahana. He rite tonu te hiranga o te tukanga whakamatao me te tukanga whakamahana mō te hanganga o te ahotea whakamatao. Ko te whakamatao kore taurite o te karāhe i te ahunga papatahi i mua i te tinei he rite ki te whakamahana kore taurite, ka taea hoki e tēnei te whakaputa i te ahotea kore taurite. He nui te ahotea pēhi mata e hangaia ana e te wāhi he nui te kaha whakamatao, ā, he iti te ahotea pēhi e hangaia ana e te wāhi he iti te kaha whakamatao. Ka puta te tohatoha ahotea kore taurite i runga i te mata karāhe nā te whakamatao kore taurite.
Koki tirohanga
Ko te take e kitea ai te wāhi ahotea, he mea kua porowhitahia te māramatanga maori i roto i te awhi māramatanga kitea ina haere mā roto i te karāhe. Ina whakaatahia te māramatanga mai i te mata o te karāhe (te reo mārama) i tētahi koki, ka porowhitahia tētahi wāhanga o te māramatanga, ā, ka haere hoki mā roto i te karāhe. Kua porowhitahia hoki tētahi wāhanga o te māramatanga whakamuri. Ina ōrite te pā o te koki taunga o te māramatanga ki te taupū whakamuri o te karāhe, ka eke te porowhita whakaata ki te mōrahi. Ko te taupū whakamuri o te karāhe he 1.5, ā, ko te koki taunga mōrahi o te porowhita whakaata he 56. Arā, ko te māramatanga e whakaatahia ana mai i te mata karāhe i te koki taunga o te 56° he mārama porowhita katoa. Mō te karāhe whakamaroke, ko te māramatanga whakaata e kitea ana e tātou ka whakaatahia mai i ngā mata e rua me te whakaata o te 4% ia mata. Ko te māramatanga whakaata mai i te mata tuarua e tawhiti atu ana i a tātou ka haere mā roto i te karāhe ahotea. He tata ake tēnei wāhanga o te māramatanga ki a tātou. Ka pokanoa te māramatanga whakaata mai i te mata tuatahi ki te mata karāhe ka puta he ira tae. Nō reira, ka tino kitea te pereti ahotea ina tirohia te karāhe i te koki taunga o te 56. Ka pā anō te kaupapa ki te karāhe whakamahana nā te mea he nui ake ngā mata whakaata me te mārama porowhita. Mō te karāhe whakamahana me te taumata ahotea kore taurite, he mārama ake ngā ira ahotea e kitea ana e tātou, ā, he taumaha ake te āhua.
matotoru o te karāhe
I te mea ka horapa te mārama i roto i ngā matotoru rerekē o te karāhe, ka nui ake te matotoru, ka roa ake te ara whatu, ka nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakapororatanga o te mārama. Nō reira, mō te karāhe he rite te taumata ahotea, ka nui ake te matotoru, ka taumaha ake te tae o ngā ira ahotea.
Ngā momo karaihe
He rerekē ngā pānga o ngā momo karāhe rerekē ki te karāhe he rite te taumata ahotea. Hei tauira, ka mārama ake te tae o te karāhe borosilicate i te karāhe houra raima.
He tino uaua ki te whakakore katoa i ngā ira taumaha mō te karāhe kua whakapakeketia nā te āhua motuhake o tōna kaupapa whakapakari. Heoi, mā te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu matatau me te whakahaere tika i te tukanga whakaputa, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā ira taumaha me te whakatutuki i te taumata o te kore e pā ki te pānga ataahua.
Saida GlassHe kaiwhakarato tukatuka karāhe hohonu rongonui o te ao, he kounga teitei, he utu whakataetae, ā, he wā tuku tika hoki. E whakarite ana i ngā karāhe ki ngā momo mara maha, ā, he tohunga ki ngā karāhe papa pā, ngā papa karāhe pana, ngā karāhe AG/AR/AF/ITO/FTO me ngā mata pā o roto, o waho hoki.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-09-2020